Bitacora biológica / Por Huascar Bustillos* (RAI)
Unos de los mamíferos poco conocidos en Bolivia se llama «culotapao», también llamado coseveru, tapafrasco o yeta. Su nombre científico es Calyptophractus retusus y fue descubierto en 1859 por el naturalista alemán Herman Burmeister, en el actual barrio El Pari de Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Allí se libró la mítica batalla por la independencia en 1816.

El nombre de “culotapao” se debe a la peculiar forma que presenta la parte posterior de su cuerpo. Esta es plana, lo cual da la impresión de que no tuviera salida excretoria definida. Otro elemento, que es característico y que lo diferencia del resto de los armadillos, es la cola, que tiene la forma de una pequeña espátula y cumple una función a manera de quinta pata. Esta sostiene el peso del cuerpo al momento de excavar, ya sea para huir o buscar alimentos.
Han pasado 155 años del hallazgo de esta especie pero muy pocos ejemplares han sido colectados en Bolivia debido a que es un mamífero bastante tímido y esquivo. Al menor ruido comienza a excavar y desaparece bajo la arena en pocos segundos. Los pocos avistamientos debido a sus hábitos subterráneos y la extrema dificultad de su manutención en cautiverio, imposibilitan la descripción de su historia natural. Por ello se conoce muy poco sobre su ciclo reproductivo, tiempo de vida y preferencias alimenticias.

INCANSABLE EXCAVADOR
El culotapao es pequeño, mide aproximadamente 17 centímetros. Su pelo es largo, blanquecino, moderadamente tieso y distribuido en los laterales del cuerpo. Su caparazón es flexible y de color rosado claro, lo que sugiere que tiene un mimetismo (camuflaje) para ambientes secos-arenosos, así evita a potenciales depredadores como lechuzas y carnívoros (zorros y felinos). Es un excelente excavador ya que desaparece en segundo en la arena.

VIVE EN AMBIENTES SECOS
Su distribución se halla confinada aparentemente a los ecosistemas chaqueños más secos del sudeste de Bolivia, oeste de Paraguay y el norte de Argentina.
En Bolivia, los datos son todavía preliminares debido a la escasez de reportes. La mayoría de los registros atribuidos a esta especie provienen de la zona chaqueña de Santa Cruz, y en menor grado, las zonas arenosas cercanas al río Piraí, como las pampas del Urubó, Viru Viru y zonas aledañas a la ciudad. En todo caso la distribución tentativa actual se restringe al departamento de Santa Cruz; pero es muy razonable pensar en el hecho de que puedan existir poblaciones en departamentos que compartan al Chaco como unidad vegetal, como es el caso de Tarija y Chuquisaca.
PRINCIPALES AMENAZAS
El culotapao al ser una especie pequeña, no es cazada para fines alimenticios a diferencia de sus parientes como el corechi (Tolypeutes matacus) o el tatú negro (Dasypus novencinctus). Sin embargo, los principales problemas que enfrenta son la perturbación y destrucción de su hábitat. Por ejemplo, en la zona chaqueña del Isosog, la amenaza más notoria es la expansión de la frontera agrícola y la ganadería extensiva con la cría de vacas y chivos. Si bien las poblaciones del culotapao ubicadas en el Parque Nacional y Área Natural de Manejo Integrado (ANMI) Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco, gozan de cierta protección, la situación es diferente para las poblaciones en las pampas próximas a Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
El llamado “boom de la construcción”, que implica la edificación de condominios privados, así como la progresiva expansión de la ciudad hacia zonas de alto valor ecológico como las pampas del Urubó y ViruViru, que circundan el lecho del río Piraí, están poniendo en riesgo la existencia de esta emblemática especie.
Otro factor que atenta a su supervivencia, es la creciente actividad económica de la extracción de áridos para construcción en los márgenes de río Piraí. Así también, la creencia popular es una amenaza debido a que el pueblo guaraní del chaco cruceño piensa que este animalito es “malagüero” y que representa un «emisario de muerte” para algún miembro de la comunidad. Tal fatalidad, según ellos, se resuelve matando y quemando inmediatamente al indefenso ser. Esta situación puede deberse a que este pequeño armadillo emite un sonido lastimero (chillido) muy parecido al llanto de un niño pequeño.

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