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Conservar los bosques para garantizar el agua

Fonacruz nace a raíz de estudios hidrológicos que señalan que la ciudad de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, a partir del 2017, podría sufrir disminución en los acuíferos que dotan del líquido elemento a la urbe cruceña debido a que la demanda de agua superaría a la oferta. Se estima conservar cerca de 60 mil hectáreas próximas al Parque Nacional Amboró y del Área Protegida Río Grande – Valles Cruceños.


Cecilia Requena Gallo

Al menos un tercio del agua que se consume en la ciudad de Santa Cruz de la Sierra se origina en los bosques nublados del Parque Nacional Amboró y del Área Protegida Río Grande – Valles Cruceños, que mediante el proceso de captación de agua, por medio de la lluvia, nutre a la cuenca media del río Piraí, y este a su vez recarga los acuíferos de donde finalmente se extrae el agua para la ciudad. Ahí radica la importancia de conservar estos bosques, y por lo que nace el Fondo de Agua Para Santa Cruz (Fonacruz), una iniciativa impulsada por el Gobierno Autónomo Departamental de Santa Cruz, que fue presentado durante el III Encuentro Nacional de Áreas Protegidas.

FOTO1“En Santa Cruz no hay un glaciar, no hay un océano, el agua que tenemos es reciclaje de los bosques que generan captación y lluvias. Si perdemos el bosque se pierde la lluvia”, explica Stephan von Borries, Responsable de Gestión Interinstitucional de la Dirección Departamental de Áreas Protegidas. Es por ello que el Fonacruz propone crear un fondo monetario para conservar los bosques mediante incentivos económicos a la gente que vive en estas zonas y el fortalecimiento de las áreas protegidas involucradas.

“Si antes un habitante basaba sus ingresos económicos en tumbar bosques para tener sus cultivos mediante agricultura o ganadería, con el Fonacruz lo que se busca es darle una fuente alternativa para que genere ingreso pero que no sea en base a destruir el bosque”, señala von Borries.

De acuerdo a un estudio realizado sobre el costo de oportunidad de las zonas a ser conservadas, los montos de compensación mensual por hectárea irían de los Bs. 93,33 a los Bs. 229,67. La variable en cuanto a la determinación del monto está dada por el tipo de actividad que se realiza en cada zona, es así que la compensación se da en base al sacrificio de ingreso de los productores.

Un camino que apenas empieza

De momento el Fonacruz es sólo una propuesta de la Gobernación pero que ya empieza a dar sus primeros pasos. Recopilar los estudios relacionados al proyecto ha sido el primero y con el que se busca sustentar la necesidad de poner en marcha esta iniciativa.

Armar un marco institucional de la mano de los actores involucrados, como el municipio, las cooperativas de agua y los donantes es el siguiente paso, y en el que actualmente se está trabajando. Posteriormente, la firma de acuerdos será clave para reunir el monto base que el proyecto necesita para arrancar: $us. 350 mil dólares aproximadamente e ir incrementando a partir de esa suma.

Se estima que en al menos 2 a 3 años, después de la firma de acuerdos, será posible ejecutar el proyecto del Fonacruz, con la donación de la cooperación internacional y del empresariado privado. Sin embargo, la posibilidad de que la misma ciudadanía aporte a este fondo aún no es alternativa viable, al menos no en el corto plazo.

En al menos 3 años, después de la firma de acuerdos, será posible ejecutar el proyecto del Fonacruz.

“Creo que no se puede hablar de un cobro mientras no se explique a la gente para qué es. No hay una conciencia de la ciudadanía y es por eso que primero se tendría que lograr que la gente entienda de dónde viene el agua y la importancia de los bosques para que ellos voluntariamente quieran aportar”, menciona von Borries, a tiempo de agregar que se tomará de ejemplo la conciencia lograda en algunos municipios del departamento donde los usuarios ya aportan, mediante las facturas de agua, a un fondo para conservar los bosques, una iniciativa que viene siendo impulsada desde hace años por la Fundación Natura con los Acuerdos Recíprocos por Agua (ARA).

Por ahora, el proyecto empieza a tocar algunas puertas de instituciones, empresas y posibles donantes, todo con el objetivo de que esta iniciativa se consolide y sea una realidad a mediano plazo. “Tenemos que entender que en estos bosques está nuestra fábrica de agua, y si no lo conservamos podemos sufrir de problemas de agua el día de mañana”, concluye von Borries.

 

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