El “Santuario de Vida Silvestre y Área Natural de Manejo Integrado Laguna Esmeralda”, es su principal objetivo de conservación por la importancia en la provisión de fuentes hídricas para las actividades agropecuarias de la zona y el consumo de agua de la población en el municipio.
Cecilia Requena Gallo
Ante las constantes actividades de extracción de madera, chaqueo, caza ilegal del loro pinero, y la amenaza de que la Laguna Esmeralda se seque, el municipio de Quirusillas decidió en el 2004 declarar Área Protegida la zona donde se encuentran las lagunas Esmeralda y Campana, una decisión que luego dio un paso más importante en el 2010 al recategorizar el área como “Santuario de Vida Silvestre y Área Natural de Manejo Integrado Laguna Esmeralda”, y duplicar su superficie, de 6.135 a 13.400 hectáreas, casi un tercio de la totalidad del municipio de Quirusillas.
“Gracias a la vegetación que tiene esta área protegidad actúa como una esponja de agua y es la que alimenta tanto el río Quirusillas, como a la Laguna Esmeralda»
“La importancia de esta área protegida radica en que gracias a la vegetación que tiene del Bosque Boliviano Tucumano actúa como una esponja de agua y es la que alimenta tanto el río Quirusillas, como a la Laguna Esmeralda que son los que proveen de recursos hídricos a todos los cultivos de los valles cruceños de Quirusillas y Mairana, al tiempo que dotan a la población con agua para consumo”, explica Paola Montenegro, responsable del Área Protegida Laguna Esmeralda.

Pero el haber dejado toda la zona sin gestión ambiental durante años dejó fuertes daños que fueron contrarestados de a poco para disminuir el deterioro. “Se inició con una fuerte campaña de educación ambiental a través de la valoración y el sentimiento de orgullo y pertenencia incluyendo dentro del escudo de armas municipal al loro pinero y la Laguna Esmeralda, dos valores importantes para el municipio”, expone Montenegro.
Y es que incluir, como primera tarea, al loro pinero en el escudo de armas no fue casualidad. Esta ave que es propia del Bosque Boliviano Tucumano, estaba siendo prácticamente exterminada. “En diciembre del 2009 hicimos una investigación en Quirusillas y determinamos que el 98% de la población tenía o había tenido un loro pinero como mascota, y el 60% aseguraba haber extraído pichones de su nido, lo que nos daba una cifra catastrófica sobre la situación de esta ave”, detalla Montenegro. Este tipo de loros tienen la característica de vivir con una pareja toda su vida, y al cazar a una de ellos, el otro loro quedaba vulnerable y solo. De igual manera, para poder cazar a los pichones la gente tumbaba los arboles para alcanzar el nido, causando un doble perjuicio.
Es por ello que se inició un proyecto con el Club de Mujeres Emprendedoras del municipio, dándoles capacitación en la elaboración de loros de peluche, serigrafía y artesanía, como una forma de generar un ingreso y de esta manera apaliar el problema, ya que la caza de los loros era un oficio que les generaba ingresos entre 50 a 100 Bs. por cada ave. Asimismo, los profesores fueron instruidos para que enseñen a los niños a hacer sus propios loros de peluche, al tiempo que les inculcaban la importancia de cuidar esta ave, como símbolo del municipio.
Gracias a la generación de conciencia en el municipio, actualmente la población de aves asciende a 120 individuos, sin contar a los pichones, un dato alentador para una especie que estaba encaminándose a la extinción.
Principales acciones
Como parte de la política de gestión ambiental, el municipio de Quirusillas decidió en el 2011 realizar el 1er. Festival Ecológico, Turístico y Cultural, una actividad en la que participan todas las unidades educativas del municipio de Quirusillas y Postervalle. Los estudiantes participan en canto, danza, disfraces, poesía, y coplas, estas dos últimas con la característica de ser inéditas y escritas por los mismos estudiantes.
“Ahí se puede ver toda una muestra de lo que es el medio ambiente que a veces a nosotros se nos pasa un poco, pero que ellos con otros nombres, con otras costumbres y con otros términos la sacan a lucir un poco más, creo que eso es muy importante”, opina Montenegro.
De igual manera, otro de los proyectos encaminados a consolidar al municipio como ecológico es el cambio progresivo de la producción en el municipio orientándola hacia algo más ecológico para que tenga un valor agregado y sea parte de una línea verde. Actualmente se está trabajando con fruticultura y horticultura, un proyecto que apenas empieza y del que se espera ver resultados a mediano plazo.
El ecoturismo comunitario es otra de las iniciativas que se pretende establecer pero que está teniendo trabas por la falta de interés de las comunidades. “La gente está cansada, porque viene una y otra institución, les prometen cosas y no pasa nada, por eso ya no quieren asistir a las capacitaciones, pero sin duda es uno de los productos que tenemos que hacer, tener un Plan de Manejo Ecoturístico”, señala la responsable del área protegida.
Finalmente, una de las principales amenazas que actualmente tiene la reserva es el apisonamiento del terreno por el ganado. Para ello, el municipio acaba de aprobar una ficha ambiental para la construcción de bebederos alrededor de la Laguna Esmeralda, con sus respectivas salidas de agua, para luego delimitar el área y evitar que los animales ingresen hasta la laguna. “Lo que hacemos es dar una alternativa, no podemos cerrarla porque estaríamos coartando un derecho que tenemos todos, que es el acceso al agua”, puntualizó Montenegro.
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